In this article we consider an inverse problem of liner heat equation with Nonlinear boundary condition. We identify the temperature and the unknown radiation term from an over specified. Condition on the boundary. We propose a numerical algorithm based on finite difference method and least square technique. Results show that an excellent estimation can be obtained for unknown functions.

The effects of Nonlinear radiation on hydromagnetic boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a shrinking surface is investigated in the present work. Using suitable similarity transformations, the governing Nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into Nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The resultant equations which are highly Nonlinear are solved numerically using Nachtsheim Swigert shooting iteration scheme together with Fourth Order Runge Kutta method. Numerical solutions for velocity, skin friction coefficient and temperature are obtained for various values of physical parameters involved in the study namely Suction parameter, Magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, radiation parameter and Temperature ratio parameter. Numerical values for dimensionless rate of heat transfer are also obtained for various physical parameters and are shown through tables. The analytical solution of the energy equation when the radiation term is taken in linear form is obtained using Confluent hypergeometric function.

In this paper, the preeminent perspective is to examine the flow of ElectroMagnetoHydroDynamic (EMHD) Casson nanofluid through a stretchable Riga plate with variable viscosity comparing two basic models, Reynolds and Vogel’s models. Brownian motion, thermophoresis and Nonlinear thermal radiation is considered. Using appropriate transformations, The PDEs undergo a process of conversion to Nonlinear (ODEs), and solved numerically with Bvp4c method. The main goal is to visualize the influence of some parameter, such as modified Hartman number (0.5 ≤ E* ≤ 1.5), Casson parameter (0.3 ≤ β≤ 1.1), dimensionless parameter (0.5 ≤ S ≤ 1.5), suction parameter (-0.5 ≤ fw ≤ 0.5), Prandtl number (1 ≤ Pr ≤ 10), radiation parameter (1 ≤ Rd ≤ 5), space-dependent heat source (0 ≤ Q ≤ 2), chemical reaction (0.5 ≤ γ1 ≤ 1.5), temperature-dependent heat source (0 ≤ Q* ≤ 2), Schmidt number (1 ≤ Sc ≤ 1.8) and Brownian motion (0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.5) on Temperature and velocity profiles. The outcomes reveal that the modified number of Hartmann has a remarkable impact on the velocity profiles which leads to control the flow. In addition, the increment of radiation parameter causes to enhance the temperature.

In this article, a numerical investigation of magnetohydrodynamic non-Newtonian nanofluid flow on a stretching sheet through an isotropic porous medium. The effects of both non-linear thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption were studied on distributions of velocity, temperature and concentration. On the other side, the governing partial differential equations have been transformed by using suitable similarity transformations into a system of ordinary differential equations and then solved, numerically by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique. The principal findings of the study showed up that the effect of both Darcy number and magnetic field on the velocity profile is decreasing, while the impacts of both non-linear thermal radiation and heat source/skin on temperature are increasing and decreasing on concentration distribution respectively. Numerical solutions were calculated for the skin fraction, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number for values of all important physical parameters.

Hydromagnetic steady, laminar, boundary layer flow of a viscous, incompressible electrically conducting gray fluid, with radiation heat transfer and mass transfer over a stretching surface with prescribed heat and mass flux embedded in a porous medium subject to suction in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field is analyzed in the presence of heat source. Exact solution of the equation of momentum is obtained. Nonlinear equations for energy and species concentration are transformed to Nonlinear ordinary differential equations by introducing suitable similarity variables and the resulting Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved using confluent hypergeometric functions by the usage of suitable transformations. The effect of radiation, magnetic field, porosity, permeability, Prandtl number, Schmidt number, heat source parameter, heat flux parameter, mass flux parameter over the flow field and other physical quantities are discussed with the help of numerical values by means of graphs.

Background: The Background: To assess the radiation protection and radiation monitoring practices among medical radiation workers (MRWs) in Malaysian hospitals, and to identify demographic and occupational factors influencing the consistent use of radioprotective garments and dosimeters. Materials and Methods: A link to an online survey was distributed to MRWs with the help of research coordinators at participating hospitals. A total of 387 respondents answered the online survey between April and June 2019. They reported the consistency with which they used radioprotective garments, dosimeters and other protective measures, together with the reasons for inconsistency. We then compared consistent and inconsistent groups by demographic and occupational data. Results: The respondents exhibited excellent adherence to radiation protection but showed poor adherence to radiation monitoring. The main reasons for non-use of radioprotective garments were inadequate items and the need to prioritize others. Forgetfulness and fear of losing dosimeters were the common reasons for the non-consistent use of monitoring devices. Radiologists were the most consistent group using radioprotective garments compared to other job positions (p<. 050). Middle-aged respondents were more consistent in using radioprotective aprons than younger respondents (p<. 005). Work schedule, institution and gender also influenced the consistency of using radioprotective garments and dosimeters. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to improve the personal dosimeter adherence rate in this country and any shortage of radioprotective garments should be tackled immediately. Ultimately, it is crucial to understand the workers’,tasks and their safety measures to avoid underestimating occupational radiation exposure and risk.

In the present study, an analytical investigation on the entropy generation examination for viscoelastic fluid flow involving inclined magnetic field and non-linear thermal radiation aspects with the heat source and sink over a stretching sheet has been done. The boundary layer governing partial differential equations were converted in terms of appropriate similarity transformations to non-linear coupled ODEs. These equations were solved utilizing Kummer's function so as to figure the entropy generation. Impacts of different correlated parameters on the profiles velocity and temperature, also on entropy generation were graphically provided with more information. Based on the results, it was revealed that the existence of radiation and heat source parameters would reduce the entropy production and at the same time aligned magnetic field, Reynolds number, dimensionless group parameter, Hartmann number, Prandtl number, and viscoelastic parameters would produce more entropy. The wall temperature gradient was additionally computed and compared with existing results from the literature review, and demonstrates remarkable agreement.

This work aims at modelling and characterizing the kinetics of biodegradation of acrylic acid-grafted polypropylene. Different films of acrylic acid-grafted polypropylene were prepared. These films were degraded aerobically during thermophilic phase of composting process for measurement of carbon dioxide evolution as per ASTM D 5338. The experimental data were analyzed using an eight-parameter Komilis model containing a flat lag phase. The model formulations involved hydrolysis of primary solid carbon and its subsequent mineralization. The first step was rate controlling and it included hydrolysis of primary slowly, moderately, and readily hydrolyzable carbon fractions in parallel. The model parameters were evaluated by means of Nonlinear regression technique. The model parameters, undegraded/hydrolyzable/mineralizable carbon evolutions and morphology revealed two typical kinetic regimes. The first five films exhibited slow degradation in the first regime involving slowly and moderately hydrolyzable carbons. They exhibited low degradability value in the range of 1. 5–, 3. 7% in 45 days. Their degradability decreased with an increase in the slowly hydrolyzable carbon refractory in nature. The remaining three films exhibited the second regime involving the moderately and readily hydrolyzable carbons. These showed relatively high degradability in the range of 4. 7–, 5. 6% in 45 days. The magnitudes of their moderately hydrolyzable carbon fractions were substantially higher than those of the first regime. All the eight films showed the absence of growth phase because of their small initial readily hydrolyzable carbon fractions. The study shows progressive enhancement in the biodegradation of effectively non-biodegradable polypropylene with an increase in degree of acrylic acid grafting. The methods presented here can be used for the design and control of other similar systems.